Estimating Children’s Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

.......................................................................................................... I Sammanfattning ............................................................................................. II Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................IV Contribution statement of Kerstin Winkens..................................................VI List of papers .............................................................................................. VII Abbreviations ................................................................................................IX 1 Background .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).................................................. 1 1.1.1 PFASs’ production history ....................................................................................2 1.2 Environmental transport and fate ..................................................................... 3 1.3 Human exposure .............................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 Estimating the exposure intake ..............................................................................5 1.3.2 Childhood exposure...............................................................................................6 1.4 Toxicity of PFASs ........................................................................................... 7 1.5 Regulation, restriction & risk assessment of PFASs ........................................ 9 1.6 Objective of the thesis .................................................................................... 10 2 Methodology .............................................................................................. 13 2.1 The child cohort and sampling ....................................................................... 13 2.2 Sample treatment and analysis ....................................................................... 15 3 Results and discussion ............................................................................... 17 3.1 Dietary exposure via food and drinking water ............................................... 17 3.2 Indoor exposure via dermal contact, dust and air .......................................... 18 3.2.1 Estimated daily intakes via air and dust .............................................................. 21 3.3 Serum concentrations and body burdens........................................................ 22 3.3.1 Breastfeeding, air and dust influence on internal exposure ................................. 23 4 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 25 5 Future perspective ...................................................................................... 27 6 References .................................................................................................. 31 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 43